A general budget is defined as a detailed and approved estimate of public expenditure and revenue for a financial future that is often one year. From this definition, it appears that the general budget has two basic elements: Recognition...
During the period 2016-2020, Iraq was able to achieve 6.5 on the Goals Progress Index. In 2016, Iraq achieved 56.6, ranking 118th out of 157 countries, advancing to 63.1 in 2020 and 113.0 out of 166 countries. It achieved...
The persistence of the same problems in the absence of fiscal reforms and the inability to address and confront administrative and financial corruption will undoubtedly make it inevitable that contradictions persist in the absence of sustainable development, especially as...
Egypt Railway is the first railway to be built in Africa and the Middle East and the second worldwide after the United Kingdom, which began in 1834. The railway lines were extended to the Suez/Alexandria Line, but work was...
It’s been 17 years since the democratic system that ruled Iraq after the fall of the dictatorship. These 17 years have been marked by glitches and mistakes at all levels. One of the most distinctive features in the democratic...
The world is experiencing accelerated environmental changes, rising rates of pollution from human behavior, and Iraq is not far away from this global climate change, either about rising temperatures, scarce rainfall, water shortages resulting from Turkish water policies, and...
Two people living in Iraq may not disagree on the poor level of services provided by the State to its citizens. Primarily because of the widespread financial and administrative corruption in many branches of the State, confirmed in the...
The devaluation of the national currency is a measure resorted to by the Central Bank to achieve several economic goals. Foremost is improving the trade balance and supporting the growth of productive economic sectors that suffer from foreign product...
Border crossing points have an important place in the priorities of Iraqi governments. In addition to being a major supplier of non-oil imports to the Iraqi State, border crossings have become a window of corruption for gangs, outlaws, and...
The Iraqi economy has been in dire need of significant structural reforms and changes in public finances after the triple crisis of political, economic, and health. Demonstrations in central and southern Iraq took place in October of 2019; As...
